| Location Accuracy | Approximately 10–30 cm in controlled indoor areas | Supports precise asset positioning, work-in-progress tracking, tool control and worker-location workflows. | Two-way ranging performance, anchor geometry, line-of-sight limitations and accuracy under real operating conditions. | Test fixed reference points and moving tags in representative zones, including areas with metal equipment and obstructions. | High |
| Update Rate and Location Latency | 1–10 location updates per second; latency suitable for the workflow | Fast updates are important for collision prevention, process monitoring, dynamic routing and event detection. | Configurable update frequency, end-to-end latency, tag density and the effect of higher update rates on battery life. | Measure the time between physical movement and the corresponding event or position update in the application. | High |
| Coverage and Site Layout | Complete coverage of all required indoor zones, with planned handoff between areas | Gaps can interrupt tracking, create false alerts and reduce confidence in operational data. | Anchor spacing, coverage planning, multi-floor support, outdoor transition and performance around walls, racks and machinery. | Complete a radio survey and perform a walk test along normal routes, loading areas, storage aisles and restricted zones. | High |
| Scalability and Tag Density | Support the current population plus expected growth without unacceptable degradation | Tracking requirements often expand from a pilot area to multiple departments, buildings or sites. | Maximum concurrent tags, anchor capacity, location-message handling, multi-site architecture and performance under peak load. | Run a staged load test using the expected number of active tags and realistic update intervals. | High |
| Tag Battery Life | Several months to multiple years, depending on update rate and tag features | Frequent battery replacement increases labor, downtime and the risk of untracked assets. | Battery capacity, configurable transmission interval, motion-triggered operation, rechargeable options and low-battery reporting. | Compare measured battery consumption under the intended update profile, temperature range and usage pattern. | High |
| Environmental Durability | Protection and operating range appropriate for dust, moisture, impact, vibration and temperature | Industrial, healthcare and outdoor environments can expose tags and anchors to conditions that shorten service life. | Ingress protection rating, impact resistance, operating temperature, mounting options and suitability for cleaning processes. | Review test certificates and conduct a site trial in the most demanding environmental conditions. | High |
| Real-Time Alerts and Geofencing | Configurable zone, proximity, dwell-time and movement alerts | Alerts can support safety controls, unauthorized movement detection, process compliance and asset protection. | Geofence precision, alert latency, configurable rules, escalation workflows and filtering of nuisance events. | Test entry, exit, dwell and proximity scenarios using normal movement paths and boundary conditions. | High |
| Integration with Operational Systems | Reliable connection to existing WMS, MES, EAM, ERP, safety or dashboard systems | Location data creates measurable value only when it is linked to operational decisions and records. | REST APIs, webhooks, message protocols, software development kits, data export, event timestamps and integration documentation. | Build one complete workflow from tag event to business-system action and verify error handling and data reconciliation. | High |
| Security and Data Governance | Role-based access, encrypted communications, auditability and defined data-retention controls | Location data may reveal sensitive production processes, personnel movements or restricted-area activity. | Identity management, encryption in transit and at rest, key management, audit logs, network segmentation and privacy controls. | Review the security architecture, conduct access-control testing and document data ownership, retention and deletion procedures. | High |
| Deployment and Commissioning Effort | Repeatable installation, calibration and configuration process with limited operational disruption | Installation complexity affects project cost, rollout speed and the consistency of results across sites. | Anchor mounting flexibility, survey tools, automatic calibration, network requirements, configuration management and diagnostics. | Estimate installation hours per zone and document the steps required to add, move or replace infrastructure. | Medium |
| Interference and Coexistence | Stable performance alongside Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular, industrial radios and other electronic equipment | RF congestion, reflective surfaces and machinery can affect reliability in complex facilities. | UWB channel options, spectrum compliance, interference tolerance, diagnostics and performance in high-reflection environments. | Test during normal production activity and compare results across different radio channels and operating conditions. | Medium |
| Device and Asset Identification | Unique, tamper-resistant identity for every tag and tracked object | Accurate association between a physical object and its digital record is essential for trustworthy workflows. | Unique identifiers, barcode or NFC pairing, tamper detection, tag reassignment and asset-lifecycle records. | Test tag provisioning, replacement, reassignment and decommissioning without creating duplicate or orphaned records. | High |
| Analytics and Historical Data | Searchable history with timestamps, zones, dwell time, movement paths and exception events | Historical location data enables bottleneck analysis, utilization measurement and continuous improvement. | Data granularity, retention capacity, export options, reporting tools, time synchronization and data-quality indicators. | Reconstruct a known movement sequence and verify that reports match the recorded operational events. | Medium |
| Availability and Resilience | Operational continuity during temporary network, power or service interruptions | Loss of location visibility can affect safety, production control and asset accountability. | Local buffering, store-and-forward behavior, redundant infrastructure, backup power options, monitoring and recovery procedures. | Simulate network and power interruptions, then verify data preservation, recovery time and alert behavior. | High |
| Total Cost of Ownership | Evaluate five-year infrastructure, tags, software, installation, support, batteries and maintenance costs | The lowest initial purchase price may not provide the lowest lifecycle cost. | Licensing model, hardware replacement cycle, battery servicing, support terms, upgrades, training and expansion costs. | Build a five-year cost model using the expected number of sites, anchors, tags, users and operating hours. | High |
