| Catalytic Bead | Combustible gas is oxidized on a heated catalyst bead, producing a change in electrical resistance proportional to the heat released. | LPG components such as propane and butane; methane; hydrogen; and many other combustible gases. | Commonly 0–100% LEL; some instruments provide lower-range alarm displays. | Broad combustible-gas response; established technology; generally cost-effective; suitable for fixed and portable instruments. | Requires oxygen for catalytic oxidation; performance can be affected by silicone compounds, sulfur compounds, lead, and other catalyst poisons; combustible gas concentration above the measurable range can cause signal saturation. | LPG storage areas, industrial plants, boiler rooms, process facilities, utility spaces, and confined-space entry. |
| Point Infrared (IR) | Measures infrared absorption at gas-specific wavelengths using an optical source, detector, and gas cell. | Hydrocarbons including propane, butane, methane, and other gases with suitable infrared absorption characteristics. | Commonly configured for 0–100% LEL; some models use volume-percent ranges for higher concentrations. | Does not require oxygen; resistant to many catalyst poisons; typically low maintenance; suitable for continuous monitoring. | May not detect hydrogen and certain non-infrared-absorbing gases; optical surfaces can be affected by dust, condensation, or contamination; higher initial cost is common. | LPG cylinder filling stations, tank farms, compressor areas, process units, machinery spaces, and outdoor installations. |
| Open-Path Infrared | An infrared transmitter and receiver measure gas absorption across an open optical path; the output is often expressed as LEL·m. | Hydrocarbon vapors, including propane, butane, and methane, depending on the optical configuration. | Often specified in LEL·m, with measurement distances ranging from tens to several hundred metres depending on the system and site conditions. | Covers large areas; can detect gas clouds before they reach a point detector; does not require oxygen. | Alignment, weather, fog, rain, dust, obstructions, and optical contamination can affect operation; it may provide less precise localization than a point detector. | Large LPG terminals, loading bays, tank farms, pipeline corridors, offshore facilities, and perimeter monitoring. |
| Semiconductor / Metal-Oxide (MOS) | Adsorption of gas molecules on a heated metal-oxide surface changes the sensor’s electrical conductivity. | LPG vapors, methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, solvents, and other reducing or oxidizing gases, depending on the sensing material. | Ranges vary widely; many products are intended for low-concentration detection rather than standardized LEL measurement. | Low sensor cost; high sensitivity; simple electronics; useful for household, light-commercial, and general air-quality products. | Cross-sensitivity to humidity, temperature, and other vapors; baseline drift and aging may occur; selectivity and repeatability can be lower than certified industrial technologies. | Residential LPG alarms, kitchen safety devices, appliance monitoring, indoor air-quality products, and non-hazardous-area applications. |